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When, during the invasion of Iraq, the United States Government issued its
famous deck of playing cards with the 52 arch villains of the Iraqi police
state, Saddam Hussein's face adorned the Ace of Spades. If the Obama Administration
wanted to engage in a similar public relations campaign for the real estate
crisis, the top card should be reserved for Alan Greenspan.
Yet in a speech this Tuesday before the National Association of Realtors,
Sir Alan "the-bubble-blower" claimed that his low interest rate policies in
the early and middle years of this decade had no effect on mortgage rates or
real estate prices. As a result, he claims no responsibility for the subprime
mortgage crisis. But even current Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner, who
shared interest rate policy responsibility as governor of the New York Fed
during the Greenspan regime, recently admitted that overly accommodative policy
helped inflate the bubble. So what does Greenspan know that everyone else doesn't?
His primary defense is that mortgage rates were a function of long-term interest
rates which were simply not responding to the movement in short term rates,
which he did control. While it is true that the flow of capital from foreign
creditors with excess dollars did keep long rates low despite rising short
rates, this "conundrum" was not the leading factor in the housing bubble. Although
rates on thirty-year fixed rate mortgages are based on long-term bonds, by
2005 such loans had become an endangered species. The housing bubble was all
about adjustable-rate mortgages with 1-7 year teaser rates primarily based
on the Fed funds rate.
The rock bottom teaser rates, permitted by the 1% Fed funds rate, were the
primary reason that many home buyers were able to qualify for mortgages they
couldn't otherwise afford, and in turn, to bid up home prices to bubble levels.
By pushing down the cost of short-term money, the Fed enabled homebuyers to
make big bets on rising real estate prices. Without the Fed's help, few borrowers
would have "qualified" for these risky mortgages and real estate prices never
would have been bid up so high.
Greenspan expresses exasperation now, as he did then, that his careful nudging
of interest rates higher by quarter point increments did not translate into
corresponding increases in long-term rates. Unfortunately, according to Greenspan,
the markets would not cooperate with his wise guidance, and to his dismay,
mortgage rates fell despite his best efforts. As they say in Texas, this dog
will just not hunt. If the "measured pace" of his quarter point hikes were
too slow to produce the desired effect, why didn't Greenspan jack up the pressure?
With interest rates far below the official inflation rate for many years during
the bubble, he certainly had plenty of room to maneuver. The claim that he
was unhappy results of his rate hikes, despite his having done nothing to adjust
that policy, is ridiculous.
In addition to his colossal errors on interest rate policy there were many
other ways Greenspan blew air into the real estate bubble. One example was
what the market called the "Greenspan put." By creating the perception in word
and deed (since proven accurate) that the Fed would backstop any major market
or economic declines, lenders became more comfortable making risky loans. In
an often quoted 2004 speech, Greenspan went so far as to actively encourage
the use of adjustable-rate mortgages and praised home equity extractions for
their role in contributing to economic growth. In fact, rather than criticizing
homeowners for treating their houses like ATM machines, he often praised the
innovative ways in which such homeowners were "managing" their personal balance
sheets. Greenspan was as much a proponent of leverage for homeowners on Main
Street as he was for bankers on Wall Street.
The bottom line is that Greenspan fathered the housing bubble and now he refuses
to acknowledge kinship of his wayward child. His denial of responsibility is
an act of stunning bravado, and is a testament to his ability to turn even
the simplest of situations into an impenetrable tangle of theories and statistics.
The private sector jokers who now hold top dishonors in our pack of economic
villains are easily trumped by the Maestro. The fact that Greenspan still has
any credibility shows just how little understanding the general public, including
Wall Street and the media, actually have about this crisis.
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