Very Definition of a Bubble
On November 2, Credit Suisse CEO, Tidjane Thiam jumped on the bubble bandwagon with this statement: Bitcoin Is the ‘Very Definition’ of a Bubble.
“From what we can identify, the only reason today to buy or sell bitcoin is to make money, which is the very definition of speculation and the very definition of a bubble,” he said at a news conference in Zurich Thursday. He added that in the history of finance, such speculation has “rarely led to a happy end.”
That's a rather curious definition of bubble. Using the same rationale, every financial instrument meets the requirement. The only reason to buy any stock or bond is to make money.
Realistic Bubble Definition
Wikipedia Definition: "An economic bubble or asset bubble (sometimes also referred to as a speculative bubble, a market bubble, a price bubble, a financial bubble, a speculative mania, or a balloon) is trade in an asset at a price or price range that strongly exceeds the asset's intrinsic value. It could also be described as a situation in which asset prices appear to be based on implausible or inconsistent views about the future. Asset bubbles date back as far as the 1600s and are now widely regarded as a recurrent feature of modern economic history Historically, the Dutch Golden Age's Tulipmania (in the mid-1630s) is often considered the first recorded economic bubble."
It Cannot Be a Bubble
On August 15, John McAffee on Business Insider wrote: Here's why you can't call bitcoin a 'bubble'.
Curiously, McAffee provided no reason. He did offer a preposterous belief: "I believe that the blockchain is, even now, ushering in a new economic and social paradigm that will rival, if not exceed, the impact that agriculture had in human society."
The claim blockchain will exceed the importance of agriculture is ridiculous. Even if I am wrong, let's not confuse the technology with the coin.
Railroads, cars, television all brought tremendous change. History shows bubbles formed around those activities as well.
Four Reasons
The Economic Edge provides 4 Reasons Why Bitcoin Is Not In A Bubble.
- It is decentralized. This is huge! It means that it is not under the control of central banks, and thus cannot be manipulated directly by them. This is THE MOST IMPORTANT aspect, it is a game changer as it changes the WHO is behind it – something that gold and silver do not do because central banks have printed “money” to buy the majority of it.
- Unlike tulips, dollars, or even precious metals, Bitcoin is strictly limited in its supply. This is where the math comes in. Bitcoin was founded in 2008 and there will ultimately be only 21 million Bitcoin ever mined. Today we are approaching the 80% mark, the remaining 20% will take years to mine, and the “mining” gets more difficult and slow as we go.
- Bitcoin is a better store of value because it is secure. Decentralization and encryption make it secure. It can be stored in electronic cyber “vaults” where you keep a hard copy of the encryption cypher. This means that your exchange can be hacked, your computer hacked, but your bitcoin don’t actually reside in either! They reside on someone else’s computer somewhere – and only you have the code to get to it. Thus they cannot be confiscated by a government, a banker, or a hacker.
- Bitcoin transactions are stored on a public ledger, all confirmed transactions are included in the blockchain. Again, decentralized bookkeeping is less vulnerable and more secure than centralized legers. This is where Ethereum, another blockchain currency, shines. Ethereum is built upon an encrypted ledger and can be used for many purposes, not just as a currency.
Once again, the writer confuses the technology with the coin. The encrypted, distributed ledger has many uses for sure. That does not imply bubbles are impossible.
Bitcoin's history as a "store of value" is less than a decade. Gold's store of value history dates back centuries.
When gold has been available, it has always been the preferred currency.
Five Reasons
iAngels writer Shelly Hod Moyal provides Five Reasons Why Bitcoin is Not a Bubble.
Three of the five iAngels reasons are similar to what's discussed above, so let's take a look at the other two.
Reason 1: The single most important feature for money to be real is for people to believe in it and to want it. There is a real utility here as people are actively using it to store value and use it to pay for goods. Just look at Japan’s massive adoption of Bitcoin and the suggestions that several major Japanese banks will start trading Bitcoin as a currency like the yen, dollar and euro. Moreover, in the long run, the complexity of Bitcoin will not have a negative impact on adoption. Only rarely, do users understand the underlying technology of the products and services they use (e.g. the internet).
Reason 5: When modelled using “the quantity theory of money” the value price of Bitcoin is justified. In our calculations, we do not include 1) lost coins due to loss of private keys or willful destruction and 2) coins that are HODLed. We do this, because in any given year these coins are not in circulation and therefore not available to the crypto-community. According to a study conducted by ARK Investment Management LLC & Coinbase, between 2012 and 2016, on average 54% of Coinbase users only purchased or held Bitcoin during the year and approached the cryptocurrency strictly as an investment. In addition, back in 2014, John W. Ratcliff concluded that around 30% of existing Bitcoins are lost, equating to 25% of existing coins today. Adding these figures together, we conclude that around 80% of outstanding Bitcoins are inactive. Given the average daily transaction volume of around $1 billion, the price of a Bitcoin today can be justified even when excluding discounted future expectations.
Moyal notes "Most coins, are held by a few individuals, the so called “Bitcoin Whales” (around 3% of existing Bitcoin addresses hold approx. 97% of all Bitcoins in circulation). Therefore, as an investor, you need to be aware that the market could be manipulated by just a few. This can result in an event called “Slaying of the Bearwhale” in the Bitcoin scene. For example, on October 6th, 2014, somebody sent 26,000 Bitcoins to Bitstamp in order to sell."
Theory of Money
The theory of money thesis implies that everyone will want to own bitcoins. At best, that's quite a leap of faith.
I heard the same argument regarding gold countless times. The argument is on the lines of "If people just put 2% of their assets in gold, it will hit $10,000."
Bitcoin supposedly will hit $1,000,000 when everyone gets in.
Market Bipolarity
Daniel Mark Harrison says "It's Impossible for Bitcoin to be a Bubble".
His reason, bipolar market theory, is the most convoluted reason to date.
Harrison's bipolar market theory is based on:
1) George Soros Theory of Reflexivity
2) His own observations of how different thinking participants act in capital market cycles;
Got that? It's impossible for Bitcoin to be a bubble based on the writer's observations and interpretations of a theory attributed to George Soros.
Harrison concludes:
- Concepts we used to think of as fundamental economically speaking no longer apply.
- Equilibrium in digital currency markets is nothing but a theoretical fantasy as it cannot exist unless there is uni-polarity (which there isn’t).
- As a result of equilibrium being non-existent, “reversion to the mean” cannot be attained as there is no “mean” (merely bipolarity, with at best two kinds of “mean”, one being natural and one being artificial).
- As a consequence of no “mean” pricing structure there is no “bubble” therefore nor is there over- or under-valuation of asset prices – since if there is no equilibrium, no mean, and no reversion but rather pure reflexivity only, there is never a bubble in asset prices as the variable required to validate its existence is absent (a bubble, remember, can only be so when referred back to equilibrium).
Supposedly, economic fundamentals and concepts no longer matter, so there can never be a bubble. Yeah, right.
One More Reason - Commodity Theory
Tom Loungo provides one final reason Bitcoin cannot be a bubble in his report Ethereum, Mises and Why Cryptos are not a Bubble.
"Ludwig Von Mises spent a lot of time trying to figure out what money actually is. In the end he developed his Regression Theorem. In short, a thing can only rise to be money if it had value as a commodity before it became money," says Loungo.
He links to the Mises Daily article Cryptocurrencies and a Wider Regression Theorem.
OK. So what?
Is Bitcoin a commodity? The answer is yes. It has value if for no other reason that people attribute a value to it.
Is Bitcoin money or function as money?
Bitcoin Myth
Austrian economist Frank Shostak tackles the Bitcoin Money Myth in an article also on Mises.
Observe that a bitcoin is not a thing; it is a unit of a non-material virtual currency. A bitcoin has no material shape; hence from this perspective, the notion that it could somehow replace fiat money is not defendable.
Bitcoin can function only as long as individuals know that they can convert it into fiat money, i.e. cash on demand (see, e.g., Lawrence H. White "The Technology Revolution And Monetary Evolution," Cato Institute's 14th annual monetary conference, May 23, 1996).
Bitcoin is not a new form of money that replaces previous forms, but rather a new way of employing existent money in transactions. Because Bitcoin is not real money but merely a different way of employing existent fiat money, obviously it cannot replace it.
The fact that the price of bitcoins has jumped massively lately implies that people assign a high value to the services it offers in employing existent money. This is no different from the case when in a country which imposes restrictions on taking money out people will agree to pay a high price for various means to secure their money.
It's fair to point out that Shostak wrote that assessment in 2013. One could have made millions investing in bitcoins at the time.
The true believers think millions more will be made.
Is Bitcoin Money?
Shostak makes a convincing case that Bitcoin is not really money. Nonetheless, let's assume otherwise and return to Loungo argument of commodity usage.
In What Has Government Done to Our Money, a free download on Mises.Org, Murray Rothbard writes ...
"Money is a commodity. Learning this simple lesson is one of the world’s most important tasks. So often have people talked about money as something much more or less than this. Money is not an abstract unit of account, divorceable from a concrete good; it is not a useless token only good for exchanging; it is not a “claim on society”; it is not a guarantee of a fixed price level. It is simply a commodity. It differs from other commodities in being demanded mainly as a medium of exchange. But aside from this, it is a commodity—and, like all commodities, it has an existing stock, it faces demands by people to buy and hold it, etc. Like all commodities, its “price”—in terms of other goods—is determined by the interaction of its total supply, or stock, and the total demand by people to buy and hold it. (People “buy” money by selling their goods and services for it, just as they “sell” money when they buy goods and services.)"
When gold and silver have not been available other commodities have functioned as money. Beaver pelts, salt, copper, cigarettes have all served as money.
Tulip Mania
Commodities sometimes reach speculative heights. Try using beaver pelts as money today.
Also, consider tulip bulbs. At the height of Tulip Mania, there were huge numbers of derivative contracts on tulips.
The details surrounding tulip mania are quite interesting. If you are a student of history or even if you aren't you will enjoy Tulip Mania and Social Security Reform.
The article describes how the Dutch burgomasters revived tulip speculation by converting tulip-bulb futures contracts into tulip-bulb options.
Here is a portion of the conclusion:
The demand for rare tulips increased so much that regular marts for their sale were established on the Stock Exchange of Amsterdam, in Rotterdam, Harlaem, Leyden, Alkmar, Hoorn, and other towns. Symptoms of gambling became obviously apparent. The stock-jobbers, ever on the alert for a new speculation, dealt largely in tulips, making use of all the means they so well knew how to employ to cause fluctuations in prices. At first, as in all these gambling mania, confidence was high and everybody gained. The tulip-jobbers speculated in the rise and fall of the tulip stocks, and made large profits by buying when prices fell, and selling out when they rose. Many individuals grew suddenly rich.
At last, however, the more prudent began to see that this folly could not last forever. Rich people no longer bought the flowers to keep them in their gardens, but to sell them again at cent per cent profit.
Signs of Speculative Bubble
The above paragraphs apply at every bubble peak.
What also happens at every bubble peak is the true believers come out with a cornucopia of reasons why things are not a bubble.
So please don't tell me that Bitcoin cannot be a bubble simply because it has commodity value or because convoluted interpretations of a theory by George Soros say so.
The main uses of Bitcoin are undoubtedly speculation, capital flight out of China, and money laundering.
I recall the dotcom bubble when speculators were clamoring for leap options on a company called JDSU. The day those options became available marked the top.
That bitcoin futures and ETFs are in the works are more signs of a speculative mania.
Art of Investing in Bubbles
ZeroHedge via the Speculative Investor has a nice article on Investing in Bubbles.
The worst-case scenario is to be a non-believer and non-participant in a bubble, but to eventually get persuaded by the relentless rise in price that special circumstances/fundamentals justify the valuation and that a large commitment is warranted.
But hey, don't, worry about Bitcoin. Just accept it on faith that economic fundamentals and concepts no longer matter.
Totally New Paradigm
Those who "don't get it" are branded as heretics, just as bubble views were in the housing bubble and the 2000 dotcom bubble.
It's a totally new paradigm. It always is at every bubble peak.
But hey, we may not yet be close to the top. Seriously.
Perhaps things will things get as crazy as people standing in line overnight to participate in a lottery for the right to buy Florida condos in 2006. Then again, perhaps we are already at a similar junction.
One can never accurately predict when bubbles break.
Good Luck!
By Mike Shedlock
