Fears about the intensity of the global recession and renewed skepticism regarding the beleaguered financial sector fueled a flight to safety during the past holiday-shortened trading week. President Obama's inauguration offered only a brief respite from the dreadful economic and earnings data and pounding of the stock markets.

Commentators were in agreement that Mr O commenced his tenure against the worst economic background in living memory and had his work cut out to resurrect America from its economic morass. I wish him well with this daunting task.

As investors piled into the perceived safety of gold (+6.9%), the US dollar (+1.8% in the case of the US Dollar Index) and the Japanese yen (+2.1% against the US dollar), global stock markets recorded a third straight week of losses. West Texas Intermediate Crude (+9.2%) also ended higher, joining a broader rally in commodities (+2.1% in the case of the Reuters/Jeffries CRB Index).

The MSCI World Index and the MSCI Emerging Markets Index declined by 4.7% (YTD -10.3%) and 5.7% (YTD -10.5%) respectively. Bucking the downtrend, the Shanghai Composite Index rose by 1.9% over the week and, with a gain of 9.3%, is also the best-performing global stock market since the start of 2009.

Elsewhere, the yields of long-dated government bonds in the US, UK and Eurozone rose sharply as large issuances of sovereign debt looms. For example, the yield of the US ten-year Treasury Note jumped by 28 basis points to 2.62% and that of the 30-year Treasury Bond by 40 basis points to 3.32% - the highest weekly points rise since April 1987. On the other hand, short-dated yields in a number of European countries declined as a result of expectations of further rate cuts.

The UK was a case in point with the two-year Gilt declining by 12 basis points to 1.0% on doubts about the government's new rescue plan for the banking system and a deterioration in the country's public finances. The pound crumbled to a 23-year low against the greenback and an all-time low against the yen.

The financial turmoil and the various actions by central banks reminded me of a quote from 1867 by Karl Marx: "Owners of capital will stimulate the working class to buy more and more expensive goods, houses and technology, pushing them to take more and more expensive credits, until their debt becomes unbearable. The unpaid debt will lead to bankruptcy of banks, which will have to be nationalized, and the State will have to take the road which will eventually lead to communism."

"TARP has been an abject failure," said Thomas Barrack Jr, billionaire and founder of Colony Capital, in BusinessWeek. "I compare the situation to a fire on a Savannah plain: Let it rip and burn, and the market will rejuvenate so much faster - try to control or impede it, and there will be more and longer suffering before renewal. Japan experienced two decades of economic paralysis by experimenting with fire control of a similar unproductive sort."

And here is Peter Schiff's (Euro Pacific Capital) prescription for how the US can dig itself out of the current mess, as reported by Fortune Magazine: "Shrink the government radically, cancel all bailouts immediately, take plenty of tough medicine, and let the free market do its job - however harsh it may be for, say, autoworkers in the meantime."

According to Sheila Bair of the FDIC, as reported by The Wall Street Journal, there will soon be a new government banking agency, the Aggregator Bank, to buy troubled assets from financial institutions. For a bit of fun, I tried to register this domain last week. Alas, another aspirant banker pipped me to the post. His reselling price? $100,000! Needless to say, I swiftly terminated the negotiations.

Next, a tag cloud of my week's reading. This is a way of visualizing word frequencies at a glance. Key words such as "bank", "government", "economy", "market", "financial", debt" and "crisis" topped the list.

The graph below shows the performance of various S&P sector SPDRs for the year to date. With Financials having declined by 28.2%, the market's weakness was quite strongly concentrated in one sector. In addition to Financials, only Industrials (-11.9%) and Consumer Discretionary (-8.8%) have underperformed the S&P 500 Index (-7.9%) since the beginning of the year.

"During prior declines during this bear, losses were broad based and once they become more concentrated (as they are now), it's a sign that the market is beginning to separate the eventual winners from the losers," said Bespoke.

Considering the outlook for the stock market, Richard Russell, 84-year-old author of the Dow Theory Letters, said: "Recently, the Transports broke below their November 20 bear market low. The Industrials have refused (so far) to confirm the Transports. Will the Industrials break down and confirm?

"No one can possibly know. But the longer the time elapses that the Industrials refuse to confirm, the more hopeful the situation. As a rule, the closer in time the two Averages, Transports and Industrials, break through preceding levels, the more authoritative the signal. The Transports broke to new lows on January 20. The longer Industrials hold above their November 20 low of 7,552, the better the odds that they will not confirm."

Key resistance and support levels for the major US indices are shown in the table below. The immediate upside target is the 50-day moving average, followed by the early January highs. On the downside, the December 1 and all-important November 20 lows must hold in order to prevent considerable technical damage.

A number of global stock markets - Germany, France, Belgium, Finland, Ireland and Venezuela - have actually already broken below their November 20 lows. Although a retest of the lows is often a feature of base formation development, it can also be a harbinger of the resumption of a downtrend.

Donning his customary bearish outfit, Albert Edwards of Société Générale, a favorite market strategist among Investment Postcards' readers, said: "After increasing our equity exposure at the end of October we believe that the market is set to quickly slide sharply towards our 500 target for the S&P 500.

"While economic data in developed economies increasingly reflect depression rather than a deep recession, the real surprise in 2009 may lie elsewhere. It is becoming clear that the Chinese economy is imploding and this raises the possibility of regime change. To prevent this, the authorities would likely devalue the yuan. A subsequent trade war could see a re-run of the Great Depression."

According to Jeffrey Hirsch (Stock Trader's Almanac), the December Low Indicator says that should the Dow Jones Industrial Index close below its December low anytime during the first quarter, it is frequently an excellent warning sign. This came to pass on Tuesday when the Dow closed below its December low of 8,149 (recorded on December 1).

Also of concern to Hirsch is the January Barometer, stating "As January goes, so goes the year". Every down January since 1950 has been followed by a new or continuing bear market or a flat year. On Friday the S&P 500 closed at 832, 7.9% lower than the December 31 close.

From across the pond David Fuller (Fullermoney) commented that one could not rule out an overcorrection by the S&P 500 to 600 (as suggested by Jeremy Grantham in his latest quarterly newsletter), "although the downside move to date is still quite overstretched relative to the 200-day moving average. Fundamentals will not determine the actual low, in my opinion, whether already seen or pending. That will be determined by sentiment and liquidity, as always. Currently, sentiment is diabolical but liquidity is increasingly abundant.

"From an investment perspective, my preferred strategy would be to nibble on high-quality equities with decent and well-covered yields."

On the back of the bullion price increasing by 6.9%, the Gold Bugs Index (+10.6%) was one of the top-performing industry groups for the week. The venerable Richard Russell said: "The [gold] market always does what it's supposed to, but never when. Is it 'when time' for gold? It looks like the long erratic correction in gold is over.

"Gold is pushing up consistently now - the first upside target is to better the 900 level which will take gold above the two preceding peaks. If gold can move above the 900 level (we're close), I think there is a good chance it will test the highs. Up until now, gold's progress has been halted, every advance corrected. Gold appears to advance more easily now and the gold stocks are going along with the bullion."

According to US Global Investors - Weekly Investor Alert, David Rosenberg of Merrill Lynch on Friday sent out a research note titled "The case for gold", explaining that gold's value is enhanced by declining bullion supply and increasing money supply.

James Montier of Société Générale added: "Gold kind of scares me because very often the people involved with it seem to be slightly insane. My other problem is I don't know how to value it. That said, I can certainly see why gold could be considered somewhat of an insurance policy, if not an investment in its own right. Any kind of systemic economic turmoil is likely to drive gold prices higher."

For more discussion about the direction of stock markets, also see my post "Video-o-rama: Wishing you well, Mr O".

Economy
"Global businesses remain darkly pessimistic. Sentiment was at its worst in mid-December, but has improved only marginally since then," said the latest Survey of Business Confidence of the World conducted by Moody's Economy.com. "European and South American businesses are most worried, followed by North America; Asian companies are negative but less so. Pricing power has collapsed, suggesting that deflation is increasingly likely."

The latest US economic reports also indicate that the intensity of the economic downturn shows no sign of letting up. Homebuilding descended to an unprecedented post-war low, the National Association of Home Builders (NAHB) housing market index again reached a new low, and the ABC/Washington Post Consumer Confidence Index remained near its all-time lows. Interestingly, no president has entered office with such a poor level of consumer confidence since the beginning of the Survey in 1985.

Regarding the meeting of the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) on January 27 and 28, Asha Bangalore (Northern Trust) said: "The policy statement will be the first following the zero interest rate policy adopted at the last meeting. The explicit hint about the Fed's future course of action in the December 16, 2008 policy statement read as follows:

'The Federal Reserve will employ all available tools to promote the resumption of sustainable economic growth and to preserve price stability. In particular, the Committee anticipates that weak economic conditions are likely to warrant exceptionally low levels of the federal funds rate for some time.'

"We will be paying close attention to whether the Fed will retain or rephrase this part of the policy statement. With regard to the Fed's views about economic growth and inflation ... we do not expect radical modifications of the entire policy statement."

Elsewhere in the world, evidence mounted that the recession was spreading and deepening.

• The UK's real GDP contracted by 1.5% in the fourth quarter, following a 0.6% decline in the third quarter. The data confirmed the first UK recession since 1991.

• China's real GDP declined by 6.8% year on year in the fourth quarter. However, when recalculating China's growth rate on a quarter-on-quarter annualized basis, like most other countries do, commentators are of the opinion that the Chinese economy might already be contracting.

• Japan recorded a fifth consecutive monthly trade deficit in December, marking the worst year for exports on record. Exports contracted by 35% year on year, compared with a 16% expansion as recently as July.

Summarizing the economic situation, Nouriel Roubini (RGE Monitor) said: "The US economy is, at best, halfway through a recession that began in December 2007 and will prove the longest and most severe of the post-war period. Credit losses of close to $3 trillion are leaving the US banking and financial system insolvent. And the credit crunch will persist as households, financial firms and corporations with high debt ratios and solvency problems undergo a sharp deleveraging process.

"Worse, all of the world's advanced economies are in recession. Many emerging markets, including China, face the threat of a hard landing. Some fear that these conditions will produce a dangerous spike in inflation, but the greater risk is for a kind of global 'stag-deflation'. We're likely to see vulnerable European markets (Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria), key Latin American markets (Argentina, Venezuela, Ecuador and Mexico), Asian countries (Pakistan, Indonesia and South Korea), and countries like Russia, Ukraine and the Baltic states facing severe financial pressure.

"The world's first global recession is just getting started."

Week's economic reports
Click here for the week's economy in pictures, courtesy of Jake of EconomPic Data.

In addition to the interest rate announcement by the FOMC (Wednesday, January 28), the US economic highlights for the week, courtesy of Northern Trust, include the following:

1. Leading Indicators (January 26):Consensus:-0.3% versus -0.4% in November.

2. Existing Sales (January 26): Consensus:4.40 million versus 4.49 million in November.

3. New Home Sales (January 29):Consensus:400,000 versus 407,000 in November.

4. Durable Goods Orders (January 29):Consensus: -2.0% versus -1.5% in November.

5. Real GDP (January 30): Northern Trust: -4.5% Consensus: -5.4% versus -0.5 in Q3.

6. Other reports:Consumer Confidence (January 27); Consumer Sentiment Index and Employment Cost Index (January 30).

Click here for a summary of Wachovia's weekly economic and financial commentary.

Markets
The performance chart obtained from the Wall Street Journal Online shows how different global markets performed during the past week.

Source: Wall Street Journal Online, January 23, 2009.

Bernard Baruch said: "If you get all the facts, your judgment can be right; if you don't get all the facts, it can't be right." Hopefully the "Words from the Wise" reviews offer assistance to Investment Postcards' readers in compiling the facts.

That's the way it looks from Cape Town.

Bespoke: Interesting prediction market contracts
"Prediction market website Intrade has some interesting finance-related contracts trading at the moment, and below we highlight charts of them. The first contract is whether Apple CEO Steve Jobs will depart as CEO by the end of 2009. As shown, the contract peaked when the company announced Mr. Jobs' leave of absence earlier this month, but it has since declined a bit to its current level of 60% (traders are putting the odds at 60%).

"The second contract is whether the unemployment rate in the US will be higher than 8.5% by December 2009. The unemployment rate is currently at 7.2%, and the odds for it to be higher than 8.5% by year end are at 55%.

"Intrade also has a contract on whether the US will default on its debt on or before 12/31/09. Traders are currently putting the odds of this occurring at 3.5% on Intrade, which seems low, but is actually pretty high considering what the implications would be if this happened.

"And back in early December, Intrade traders were putting the odds of a GM bankruptcy before the end of Q1 '09 at greater than 60%. After government intervention for the automakers happened a few weeks later, those odds dropped sharply and now stand at just 10%.

"Liquidity in these markets is low, so making big bets is hard to do, but analyzing these contracts gives some unique insight into what some people think will or will not happen in the near future."

Source: Bespoke, January 22, 2009.

CNBC: Barack Obama will help the economy, but don't expect miracles

Click here for the article.

Source: CNBC, January 18, 2009.

Reuters: Soros - US stimulus not enough, TARP bailout misused
"The stimulus plan the US government is currently considering is necessary to help American citizens, but it will likely not reverse the country's economic decline, hedge fund manager and billionaire philanthropist George Soros said on Monday.

"'It is not enough to turn the situation around,' Soros told the US Conference of Mayors about the $850 billion proposal to increase spending and cut taxes.

"The plan, which was introduced in the US House of Representatives last week and will likely be passed by next month, will help state and local governments balance their budgets and preserve important social services, Soros said.

"At the same time, the $700 billion financial bailout known as TARP for Troubled Assets Relief Program had been carried out in a 'haphazard and capricious way' and 'without proper planning', he said.

"'Unfortunately it was misused and the way it was done has poisoned the well. It has created tremendous ill will toward putting up more money,' Soros said."

Source: Lisa Lambert, Reuters, January 19, 2009.

Casey's Charts: What the banks did with the latest bailout
"The red line in the graph below shows that, since August, banks have built their cash position in the form of Treasuries, agencies and deposits at the Fed by $865 billion, while their loans and leases have increased by only $325 billion.

"In other words, rather than lending the billions of dollars received from the Treasury's Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP), as was originally intended, the recipient banks have squirreled away the bailout funds in order to shore up their balance sheets.

"Concurrently, the Federal Reserve is exchanging its excess reserves for toxic waste from the financial institutions.

"The combined affect is a 'circular bailout' with the Treasury borrowing ... in order to lend money to banks ... that then lend it back by purchasing more Treasuries. Of course, the expense of this entire bailout scheme ultimately falls onto the back of the tax-paying public."

Source: Casey's Charts, January 20, 2009.

Reuters: US and UK on brink of debt disaster
"The United States and the United Kingdom stand on the brink of the largest debt crisis in history. While both governments experiment with quantitative easing, bad banks to absorb non-performing loans, and state guarantees to restart bank lending, the only real way out is some combination of widespread corporate default, debt write-downs and inflation to reduce the burden of debt.

"To understand the scale of the problem, and why it leaves so few options for policymakers, take a look at the chart below which shows the growth in the real economy (measured by nominal GDP) and the financial sector (measured by total credit market instruments outstanding) since 1952.

"The solution must be some combination of policies to reduce the level of debt or raise nominal GDP. The simplest way to reduce debt is through bankruptcy, in which some or all of debts are deemed unrecoverable and are simply extinguished, ceasing to exist.

"But widespread bankruptcies are probably socially and politically unacceptable. The alternative is some mechanism for refinancing debt on terms which are more favorable to borrowers (replacing short term debt at higher rates with longer-dated paper at lower ones).

"The remaining option is to tolerate, even encourage, a faster rate of inflation to improve debt-service capacity. Even more than debt nationalization, inflation is the ultimate way to spread the costs of debt workout across the widest possible section of the population."

Source: John Kemp, Reuters, January 21, 2009.

Financial Times: Winter bites in EU but with some bright spots
"Wintry conditions are gripping Europe's economies as the biting winds caused by financial market storms lead to deep and protracted recessions, but regional variations are still distinguishable.

"The latest Financial Times economic weather map for Europe shows a further substantial deterioration since it was last published in October, when the devastating impact on the global economy of the collapse of Lehman Brothers, the investment bank, was only just becoming apparent.

"European industrial production collapsed in November, data this month have shown, and business confidence surveys suggest the bottom of the recession - set to be among the worst since the second world war - has not yet been reached."

Source: Ralph Atkins and Ben Hall, Financial Times, January 19, 2009.

CNBC: Buffett & Brokaw
"Insight on the financial and economic turmoil, with Warren Buffett, Tom Brokaw, NBC News special correspondent, and CNBC's Erin Burnett and Mark Haines."

Source: CNBC, January 19, 2009.

RGE Monitor: Estimated $3.6 trillion loan and securities losses in US
"Nouriel Roubini and Elisa Parisi-Capone of RGE Monitor released new estimates for expected loan losses and writedowns on US originated securitizations.

"Loan losses on a total of $12.37 trillion unsecuritized loans are expected to reach $1.6 trillion. Of these, US banks and brokers are expected to incur $1.1 trillion.

"Mark-to-market writedowns based on derivatives prices and cash bond indices on a further $10.84 trillion in securities reached about $2 trillion. About 40% of these securities (and losses) are held abroad according to flow-of-funds data. US banks and broker dealers are assumed to incur a share of 30-35%, or $600-700 billion in securities writedowns.

"Total loan losses and securities writedowns on US originated assets are expected to reach about $3.6 trillion. The US banking sector is exposed to half of this figure, or $1.8 trillion (i.e. $1.1 trillion loan losses + $700 billion writedowns.)

"FDIC-insured banks' capitalization is $1.3 trillion as of Q3 2008; investment banks had $110 billion in equity capital as of Q3 2008. Past recapitalization via TARP 1 funds of $230 billion and private capital of $200 billion still leaves the US banking system borderline insolvent if our loss estimates materialize.

"In order to restore safe lending, additional private and/or public capital in the order of $1 - 1.4 trillion is needed. This magnitude calls for a comprehensive solution along the lines of a 'bad bank' as proposed by policy makers or an outright restructuring through a new RTC.

"Back in September, Nouriel Roubini proposed a solution for the banking crisis that also addresses the root causes of the financial turmoil in the housing and the household sectors. The HOME (Home Owners' Mortgage Enterprise) program combines a RTC to deal with toxic assets, a HOLC to reduce homeowers' debt, and a RFC to recapitalize viable banks."

Source: RGE Monitor, January 22, 2009.

Asha Bangalore (Northern Trust): Home building activity posts new low
"Starts of new homes fell 15.5% in December to an annual rate of 550,000. The annual average of new homes started in 2008 is 902,000, the lowest on record. Starts of new single-family homes dropped 13.5% to an annual rate of 398,000, the lowest on record.

"The peak-to-trough decline in housing starts, both total and single-family, is the largest on record since record keeping began for these series in 1959 (see table 1). The duration of the weakness in home construction (peak was in January 2006) is also the longest on record."

Source: Asha Bangalore, Northern Trust - Daily Global Commentary, January 22, 2009.

Asha Bangalore (Northern Trust): Housing Market Index spells more gloom
"The Housing Market Index (HMI) of the National Association of Home Builders fell to 8.0 in January 2009 from 9.0 in December 2008. Before the onset of the current recession, the record low for the HMI was 20.0 during the 1990-91 recession. The question now is: What is the low for the HMI? The answer is unknown, but we can say that the severity of the housing market situation grows in leaps and bounds everyday.

"The HMI is strongly correlated with sales of new single-family homes. Based on this historical relationship, it appears that a pickup in new sales in the near term is unlikely."

Source: Asha Bangalore, Northern Trust - Daily Global Commentary, January 21, 2009.

Shadowstats: Decline in retail sales worst since World War II
"Annual real retail sales fell by 9.09% in December, versus a 9.11% contraction in November, the steepest annual declines since 1952. On a three-month moving-average basis the December and November declines were 8.88% and 7.87%, respectively. The December annual moving-average decline was the deepest in the history of the two most recent retail series, making the results the worst of the post-World War II era. The annualized real contraction for fourth-quarter 2008 retail sales was 17.1%."

Source: Shadowstats, January 2009.

BCA Research: US deflation - this time it's for real
"Annual US headline CPI dipped to zero in December. Core CPI is still positive (1.7% annual growth), albeit is falling steadily.

"The decline in headline inflation is due largely to sharply falling energy (and food) prices. Underlying inflation moves with the business cycle, though it lags economic growth by several quarters. The economy decelerated steadily last year before imploding in the autumn. Thus, core CPI is on track to fall further as economic slack builds. Already, retail prices are falling.

"The current deflationary threat is much more serious than the previous episode in 2002, given the speed and magnitude of the credit and economic crunch. Thus, policymakers will need to work hard to anchor inflation expectations in positive territory, and ensure that a deflationary mindset among consumers and businesses does not set in."

Source: BCA Research, January 19, 2009.

Paul Kedrosky (Infectious Greed): Banks are just a circle of their former selves
"Nice graphic of how the major banks are just a fraction of their former selves, at least as measured by market value."

Click on the image below for a larger graph.

Source: Paul Kedrosky, Infectious Greed, January 21, 2009

Bespoke: Long-term charts of the financial sector
"A look at long-term charts of the S&P 500 Financial sector is downright depressing. The first chart below dates back to 1990, and as shown, the sector closed at its lowest level since March 1995 yesterday. The sector is now down 79% from its highs in 2007. A chart of the sector all the way back to 1940 shows just how much the sector has fallen in such a short period of time."

Source: Bespoke, January 21, 2009.

Eoin Treacy (Fullermoney): Will bank indices be leading indicators?
"The downward breaks experienced by a number of Western banking indices over the last week are significant and suggest we can expect further moves by the respective governments to shore up their financial sectors. This relative weakness poses a headwind for their wider markets.

"When bank indices began to underperform in 2007, they had an incredibly large weighting in most country indices. The performance of bank shares was important both in terms of their high relative weightings and because of their status as lead indicators. However, bank sectors are now a considerably smaller weighting in most indices. This lessens the intrinsic importance of the banks sector to the performance of the wider market, but the psychological impact is undiminished.

"The performance of bank sectors is a major drag on sentiment. Dividends are being eliminated and a process of nationalisation is underway in a number of Western countries. However, one should not forget that many other companies will not need government support, will not eliminate their dividend and as such are likely to be relative performers in this environment.

"In addition, an interesting dichotomy exists between markets where banks are underperforming and where they are outperforming. Bank indices in the USA (S&P500 Banks, Philadelphia Banks, Regional Banks), Europe (DJ Euro Stoxx Banks), the UK, France, Germany, Norway, Finland, Sweden, Italy and Ireland all made new lows in the last week. Internationally, the Chinese bank index is closest to the upper side of its range. No other bank index, I know of, is showing such relative strength. All Asian bank indices remain within their ranges. The marked underperformance of the USA and much of Europe is a clear indication that this is where the bulk of financial risk is focused."

Source: Eoin Treacy, Fullermoney, January 20, 2009.

Brian Belski (Banc of America Securities-Merrill Lynch): Liquidity is key
"US equity investors should concentrate on companies, industries and sectors that have the means to fund themselves, says Brian Belski, strategist at Banc of America Securities-Merrill Lynch.

"He notes that areas in the market exhibiting strength recently have been dominated by low-quality companies with higher debt levels. But he says fundamental conditions do not support a move to low quality. 'If 2008 taught us anything, attempts to get ahead of an eventual stock market and economic recovery were premature and misguided.'

"He acknowledges that credit market conditions have improved but is not convinced the worst is over. 'Remember, even though credit spreads have narrowed, they still remain considerably above the peaks exhibited during prior credit cycles which we believe is a consequence of the loss of confidence both from investors and lenders.

"'This is particularly troubling to us because we expect US corporate bond issuance to decline in 2009, yet a significant amount of bonds are expected to mature for S&P 500 companies. As a result, areas within the market that rely on leverage to fund operations are likely to struggle in the coming year and the trajectory of corporate bankruptcy filings over the past several years certainly appears to support this notion. Therefore, investors should continue to focus on areas demonstrating strong liquidity in the form of high cash balances and free cash flow.'"

Source: Brian Belski, Banc of America Securities-Merrill Lynch (via Financial Times), January 20, 2009.

Bespoke: Volatility Index shows more complacency
"Below we highlight a chart of the VIX volatility index along with the S&P 500. One difference between the current decline and the declines in October and November is that the VIX has not spiked nearly as much. Many think of the VIX as an indication of fear in the market, and whether it's good or bad, there seems to be more complacency during the most recent downturn."

Source: Bespoke, January 23, 2008.

Bloomberg: Roubini, Edwards predict slump in S&P 500 on China
"Stocks will retreat around the world because of shrinking demand from China as growth in the third- biggest economy slows, said Nouriel Roubini, the New York University professor who predicted last year's financial crisis.

"Global equities will fall 20% this year from current levels as China, which contributed 19.5% to total growth in 2007, contends with its slowest expansion in seven years, he said. Wall Street strategists predict the Standard & Poor's 500 Index, down 8.4% so far, will rise 17% in 2009.

"Roubini, an economics professor at NYU's Stern School of Business, said China already is in a 'recession' despite government data showing a 6.8% fourth-quarter growth rate, as power output declines and manufacturing shrinks.

"'Demand is falling in China, they're over-invested in capacity and there's a global supply glut,' Roubini said in a telephone interview. 'It has very, very important implications.'

"Roubini's view is shared by Societe Generale global strategist Albert Edwards, who was correct in forecasting in March that a US contraction would spur a bear market in equities. Edwards says the China slowdown will reduce earnings at industrial, energy and raw-materials companies, sparking a selloff in emerging and developed-market stocks that may send the S&P 500 down 40% to 500.

"'People should be thinking really hard about this rather than sticking their heads in the sand,' said Edwards, a London-based strategist and member of the top-ranked global investment strategy team in Thomson Extel's surveys the past three years. 'We're just pointing out when the emperor doesn't have any clothes on.'"

Source: Michael Patterson and Adam Haigh, Bloomberg, January 23 2009.

Bloomberg: Mobius to invest more in China, emerging markets
"Mark Mobius, who oversees about $26 billion in emerging-market stocks at Templeton Asset Management, said he plans to buy more shares of consumer and commodities companies in emerging markets.

"'Valuations are attractive,' Mobius, Templeton's executive chairman, said at a briefing in Kuala Lumpur today. 'We feel that this year would be a year of recovery of the stock markets in the emerging markets.'

"Mobius said rising income in China, India and other parts of Asia will spur spending on consumer goods, while commodity prices are now 'too low'. The two nations, Brazil, South Africa and Turkey offer best investment opportunities, he said.

"'There is an incredible build-up of foreign reserves in the emerging markets, and the increase in money supply is quite dramatic,' the executive chairman said. 'We've seen a very big increase of money coming into markets.'

"The emerging-markets gauge trades at 8.2 times its companies' reported earnings, 36% cheaper than its average valuation last year, according to data compiled by Bloomberg. The developed measure trades for 10.8 times profit.

"The US economy and other economies will rebound in 2010, said Mobius, whose biggest holdings are in Asia."

Source: Soraya Permatasari, Bloomberg, January 17, 2009.

Bespoke: S&P 500 Q4 '08 earnings now expected to fall 28.2%
"At the start of the fourth quarter, analysts were expecting S&P 500 earnings to grow by 30% versus Q4 '07. While this seems outlandish now, remember that growth in Q4 '07 was extremely poor as well, and analysts thought many companies would begin to turn the corner by Q4 '08. As we all know, the economy pretty much came to a halt last October. As a result, analysts quickly began to cut growth estimates for the fourth quarter after it became apparent that things weren't going to get better anytime soon.

"Fast forward a few months, and now analysts are expecting those same Q4 '08 earnings to be 28% weaker than the fourth quarter of 2007. With the direction that these estimates have been heading, when all is said and done, it's likely that this number will get even worse."

Source: Bespoke, January 21 2009.

Bespoke: Pick your poison - stocks or bonds
"While we all know that investing in stocks has been painful, some readers may be surprised to learn that Treasuries haven't provided a much better alternative. While the S&P 500 is down 8% so far this year, long-term Treasuries (as measured by the US Long Bond future) are down almost 6%. With the recent break below their 50-day moving average, bonds are hardly looking like a 'safe' alternative in the current environment."

Source: Bespoke, January 22, 2009.

Financial Times: Barclays Capital's Larry Kantor says keep assets liquid
"The situation in many markets and economies is so tenuous now because we don't know what the policies are going to be. The next month or two are critical. Investors should keep an 'arsenal of liquid assets to deploy', at some point it is possible that there could be a very big upswing in the economy and in equities, which investors should be ready for.

"In the meantime, debt of strong companies appears to be a good investment, especially as the Federal Reserve is considering buying corporate debt, together with other assets it is already buying, such as commercial real-estate backed bonds."

Source: Financial Times, January 18, 2009.

Bloomberg: "Time to sell" Treasuries, biggest Korean fund says
"A rally that sent US Treasuries to their best year since 1995 is coming to an end, South Korea's National Pension Service, the country's biggest investor, said.

"US government efforts to combat the recession will prompt the Federal Reserve to raise interest rates this year, said Kim Heeseok, who oversees $160 billion as head of global investments for the service in Seoul. The decline would snap a surge that sent the securities up 14% last year, according to Merrill Lynch & Co.'s US Treasury Master index, as investors sought the relative safety of debt.

"'It's time to sell US Treasuries,' said Kim, who took over as head of investments at the start of the year. 'The stimulus plan may cause inflation. The US will raise the benchmark interest rate.'"

Source: Wes Goodman, Bloomberg, January 19, 2009.

John Hussman (Hussman Funds): The case for TIPS
"The way to think about the relationship between TIPS yields and straight Treasury yields is that the nominal yield on a security is equal to the 'real' yield plus expected inflation. At present, we have extraordinarily depressed nominal yields, but relatively high real yields, which means that the inflation rate implied in TIPS is extraordinarily low. Indeed, in order for TIPS to achieve the same total return as straight Treasuries over the next decade, we would need to observe a slight but sustained deflation over that period.

"My impression is that we are not near the point where there is any real risk of inflation, and we may very well observe negative near-term inflation rates (which is why it is important to be careful with TIPS that trade at a substantial premium to par, since the apparently high 'real' yields on near-term TIPS can be eroded by deflation). TIPS can't mature at less than par, but if there is a deflation, the accrued inflation adjustment on these securities can be whittled down.

"Suffice it to say that we are holding TIPS not because we anticipate a near-term resurgence of inflation, but because the real, inflation-adjusted yields available over the next decade are quite high on a historical basis, and will adequately provide for the maintenance and growth of purchasing power over time, regardless of the near-term course of consumer prices."

Source: John Hussman, Hussman Funds, January 19, 2009.

Steve Barrow (Standard Bank): Dollar honeymoon won't last
"The arrival of a new US president often sees an initial rise in the dollar - although the honeymoon does not always last long and it is doubtful whether this time will be different, says Steve Barrow, currency strategist at Standard Bank.

"He says it is possible that the market might buy into new hope offered by an incoming president.

"'There's little doubt that Barack Obama campaigned on a pledge to bring new hope to the American people. It is also possible that the Democrats' strong position in Congress will give Mr Obama more scope to impose his will than President Bush did.'

"But Mr Barrow doubts any early dollar strength in Mr Obama's presidency will last. He says the US budget deficit is set to balloon due to the recession and likely $775 billion stimulus plan and notes that the last president to oversee such huge deficit expansion was Ronald Reagan in 1980-1988.

"'Dollar strength at the start of Mr Reagan's term gave way to a downtrend that lasted until 1995. The Reagan camp initiated this weakness with dollar sales in 1985. We doubt Mr Obama will do the same, but in one respect, the new president will be seeking a weaker dollar.

"'The Chinese renminbi remains a thorn in the side of the US trade balance. Mr Obama has vowed to continue the fight for flexibility - and hence strength - in the renminbi as initiated by President Bush. In order to see the dollar weaken against the renminbi, the dollar may have to fall elsewhere.'"

Source: Steve Barrow, Standard Bank (via Financial Times), January 19, 2009.

Jim Rogers: Sterling in peril
"The pound is a currency with no underpinning and should fall against the dollar and the euro, says Jim Rogers, chairman of Rogers Holdings and co-founder of the Quantum Fund with George Soros.

"He says his view reflects the UK's dire economic situation: 'It's simple, the UK has nothing to sell.'

"Mr Rogers says the two main pillars of support for sterling have been North Sea oil and the strength of the UK financial services sector, in particular, the City of London's role.

"But Mr Rogers says just as North Sea oil is running out, so London's standing as a major financial centre is set to suffer.

"'I don't think there is a sound UK bank now, at least, if there is one I don't know about it,' he says.

"'The City of London is finished, the financial centre of the world is moving east. All the money is in Asia. Why would it go back to the West? You don't need London,' says Mr Rogers.

"Mr Rogers thinks the pound is more vulnerable than the dollar or the euro. He says the UK housing market is arguably in a worse state than that of the US, given pockets of strength in the US and prices that are sliding across the board in the UK.

"Meanwhile, he says, the UK is in worse shape economically than the eurozone, where most countries are not big debtors and do not run huge trade deficits. 'If the UK discovers more North Sea oil, I might change this view,' he says. 'But I don't see that happening.'"

Source: Jim Rogers (via Financial Times), January 21, 2009.

Continue to Part II