Perhaps the most important market in the world today is the vast network of foreign currencies, where total trading volume, including derivatives and futures, average around $2.9 trillion a day. This is ten times the size of the combined daily turnover on all the world's equity markets. And as world's economies have become increasingly integrated, so have the foreign exchange and global capital markets.

But the foreign exchange market is only one piece, albeit a very important one, of a bigger puzzle. Turnover of interest rate, currency and stock index derivative contracts rose 24% to a mind boggling $533 trillion in the first quarter versus the previous quarter, underscoring the enormous leverage in the global markets. Thus, any major unexpected event in the currency markets can touch off a panic and violent market reactions in the global bond and stock markets, or gold.

In the "brave new world" of global investing, sentiment can often turn on a dime, and at a moment's notice. For instance, the Dow Jones Industrials (DJI-30) lost 4.2% last week to key horizontal support at 13,250, its worst performance in five years. In the background, the US dollar was sliding from 122-yen to as low as 118-yen, triggering the unwinding of the "yen carry" trades that wiped out $2.1 trillion of global stock market value. (The July 27th and July 31st editions of the Global Money Trends newsletter www.sirchartsalot.com provided in-depth analysis of the "yen carry" trade and forecasts for its far ranging impact on global markets).

But a new headache has emerged beyond the US dollar's woes. Many high yield "Junk" bond funds lost 10% to 15% of their value over the past six weeks, amid concerns that defaults in securities backed by sub-prime mortgages may spread across the credit markets. Interest rates for leveraged buy-out artists, who issue junk bonds to finance acquisitions soared 120 basis points, and more than forty junk bond offerings were canceled or restructured worldwide in the past five weeks.

The second wave down for risky sub-prime BBB- mortgage securities, from the 70-level towards the 40-area, since May 1st, has spread to the US junk bond sector, knocking Van Kampen's High Yield Bond fund (symbol VLT) about 10% lower to the $3.60 /share area. Sharply higher junk bond yields could slow down leveraged buy-outs by private equity firms, removing a key prop for the US stock market, and drying up liquidity in a market priced for perfection.

Also spooking the DJI-30 is the escalating cost of crude oil, which topped $78 per barrel today, it's highest in 12-months, just shy of the record high of $78.40 per barrel. Higher oil prices fuel inflation, crimps disposable income of consumers, and dents corporate profits. On July 16th, Goldman Sachs predicted crude price could top $90 a barrel this autumn and hit $95 by the end of the year, if OPEC keeps oil production capped at current levels, of 26.6 million barrels per day.

In its Monthly Oil Market Report, the International Energy Agency said global demand for crude oil will rise by an average 2.2 million barrels a day in 2008, up from this year's expansion of 1.53 million bpd. Oil demand next year will average 88.2 million bpd, the IEA said. The increase in global demand could outstrip the increase in new supplies, so OPEC finds itself firmly in the driver's seat.

Oil and gas export revenue for OPEC's 12 members hit a record $649 billion in 2006, up 22% from the previous year, the cartel said in its Annual Statistical Bulletin. The biggest windfall went to Saudi Arabia with $193 billion, the UAE $70 billion, Iran $59 billion, Kuwait $54 billion, and Hugo Chavez's Venezuela's $48.4 billion.

Interestingly enough, the energy sector has been swept lower by selling contagion from the broad market's weakness. The energy sector was a top performer in the S&P 500 index last quarter, so when a leader of the bull market tumbles 10% from its record highs, it begins to rattle the broad market. Still, if one must be invested in the stock market, the Amex Oil Index could be a relative "safe haven," with crude oil prices aiming for the $80 per barrel mark.

With the Dow Jones Industrials tumbling 146-points to close below key support to the 13,200 level, US Treasury chief, Henry Paulson is desperately trying to head-off a trade war between the US Congress and China. Paulson is in Beijing this week, and it might be a bit difficult for the chairman of the President's Working Group on Financial Markets, otherwise known as the "Plunge Protection Team" (PPT), to monitor market conditions from long distance.

The US Congress is passing "veto proof" legislation aimed at punishing China for its currency policy. "At a time when US exports are growing globally, such legislation also exposes the United States to the risk of mirror legislation abroad and could trigger a global cycle of protectionist legislation," Paulson warned.

However, US legislators argue the undervalued yuan is fuelling the trade deficit with China, which hit $232.5 billion dollars last year. Since January, the US trade gap with China has risen to $96.3 billion, compared with $82.2 billion in the same period a year ago, a 17.2% increase. To mollify Wall Street, Beijing said it would allow approved international investors to purchase up to $30 billion of stocks usually reserved for domestic buyers, compared with the $10 billion quota before.

But Sen. Charles Grassley, an Iowa Republican, who crafted a bipartisan bill that passed the Senate Finance Committee by a margin of 20 to 1, is fed-up with the Bush administration's secret dealings with Beijing, and mounting trade deficits, that have been blamed for the loss of more than 3 million US manufacturing jobs since 2000. Jittery Republicans are crossing the isle to join up with Democrats on a "veto-proof" China and Japan trade bill, ahead of the Nov 2008 elections.

"China's progress on currency modernization has been glacial. It's good to continue the dialogue, but we can't rely on it exclusively. Also, the Finance Committee bill isn't a China bill. It's not directed at any single country. It's a much-needed overhaul of our current law, which dates to 1988. And it's been drafted to comply with our WTO obligations. I look forward to seeing currency exchange rate legislation passed this Congress," Grassley added. Beijing is starting to get the message, and was a net seller of $5.8 billion of US T-bonds in April, and $7 billion in May.

So far, Shanghai red-chip traders have shrugged off the protectionist storm that is brewing between the US Congress and Beijing. The world's hottest market sprinted 14% higher in eight trading days to an all-time high of 4,500. That's up 67% so far this year, after climbing 130% in 2006. Hundreds of billions of dollars unrelated to trade or foreign direct investment (FDI) have evaded China's capital controls and poured into the country seeking high returns on stocks and yuan appreciation.

China had a trade surplus of $113 billion for the first six months of 2007, and attracted $32 billion in FDI, yet its foreign exchange reserves swelled by $266 billion to $1.33 trillion. That means "Hot money" flows not related to trade and FDI surged to $121 billion, equivalent to 45% of the rise in reserves compared with 2% in 2006.

The Chinese central bank is scheduled to sell roughly $203 billion of special T-bonds in the second half of 2007 to mop-up excess cash floating in the banking system. On July 30th, the PBoC raised the level of deposits that banks must hold in reserve to 12%, the ninth increase in 13 months, the latest step in its campaign to keep the world's fourth-largest economy from overheating.

The latest move will lock up about 180 billion yuan ($23.8 billion) in cash that could otherwise have been lent out. It takes the ratio closer to the record high of 13%, which was in force from September 1988 until March 1998. The step follows an increase in bank deposit rates on July 20 to 3.33% and a reduction in the tax on interest income from bank deposits to 5% from 20%, which was intended to lower the incentive to bet on Shanghai's red-hot stock market.

But so far, all tightening measures by Beijing have failed to put a lid on the Shanghai red-chip market. China's M2 money supply grew at an annualized clip of 17.1% in the year to June, above the central bank's 2007 target of 16 percent. The tightening measures by Beijing have lifted 7-year T-bond yields 120 basis points higher to 4.00%, but are less than the country's consumer inflation rate of 4.4 percent. Negative interest rates adjusted for inflation, have kept Shanghai red chips bubbling.

The red-hot Shanghai stock market did run into a stiff roadblock at the 4500-level however, after the Dow Jones Industrials futures market extended its latest string of losses to 1000-points, from its record high reached on July 19th. Shanghai tumbled nearly 4% to close at 4,300 on August 1st, following sharp falls in Hong Kong's market. The interplay between the Dow Jones Industrials and the Shanghai stock market has psychological importance, because the two countries have accounted for roughly 60% of global economic growth over the past five years.

So with the DJI-30 sliding below key horizontal support at 13,250, it would become very worrisome if the powerful locomotives in the Hong Kong and Shanghai stock markets, suddenly took a turn for the worse, due to contagion sales from sliding stock markets in Australia, Japan, Europe, and South America. At that point, the US Treasury's "Plunge Protection Team" would have more on its hands, than it can handle.

The story gets more interesting by the day. The Global Money Trends newsletter is your best investment, to track global commodity, currency, and bond and stock markets, with commentary and analysis that is not found in the mainstream media. Of course, each edition contains a lot of cool charts, and is published on Friday's, with special alerts when unexpected events unfold.

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