I found my thoughts this week returning to Hyman Minsky, financial evolution and Capitalism. Updating my 2013 Government Finance Quasi-Capitalism thesis seemed overdue.

"Minsky saw the evolution Capitalist finance as having developed in four stages: Commercial Capitalism, Finance Capitalism, Managerial Capitalism and Money Manager Capitalism. "These stages are related to what is financed and who does the proximate financing - the structure of relations among businesses, households, the government and finance"...

Money Manager Capitalism: "The emergence of return and capital-gains-oriented block of managed money resulted in financial markets once again being a major influence in determining the performance of the economy... Unlike the earlier epoch of finance capitalism, the emphasis was not upon the capital development of the economy but rather upon the quick turn of the speculator, upon trading profits... A peculiar regime emerged in which the main business in the financial markets became far removed from the financing of the capital development of the country. Furthermore, the main purpose of those who controlled corporations was no longer making profits from production and trade but rather to assure that the liabilities of the corporations were fully priced in the financial market..."

Late in life (1993) Minsky wrote: "Today's financial structure is more akin to Keynes' characterization of the financial arrangements of advanced capitalism as a casino." More and more concerned by the proclivity of "Money Manager Capitalism" to foment instability and crises prior to his death in 1996, Minsky would have been absolutely appalled by the late-nineties "Asian Tiger" collapse, the Russia implosion, LTCM and the "tech" Bubble fiasco. Minsky was no inflationist. He would have been focused on rectifying the institutional and policy deficiencies that were responsible for progressively destructive mayhem.

Policymakers instead responded to instability and crisis with increasingly "activist" (inflationist) measures. In particular, the Fed (and global central bankers) moved aggressively to backstop marketplace liquidity. At the same time, the government-sponsored enterprises (GSEs) began guaranteeing a large percentage of new mortgage Credit, while employing their balance sheets (liabilities enjoying implied federal backing) in similar fashion to central banks as so-called "buyer of last resort" during periods of market tumult and speculative deleveraging.

These government-related liquidity backstops and guarantees fundamentally altered finance. Back in 2001, I updated Minsky's stages of Capitalistic Development with a new phase, "Financial Arbitrage Capitalism". Evolving financial, institutional and policymaker frameworks had seemingly mitigated volatility and crisis. Then the 2008 debacle unmasked what had been an unprecedented buildup of risky Credit, problematic risk intermediation processes and the accumulation of leverage and speculative positions. Policymakers and the markets had been oblivious to catastrophic latent liquidity risk inherent to the new institutional structure.

"The worst crisis since the Great Depression" provokes extraordinary policy measures. In 2013, after witnessing previously unimaginable central bank interest-rate manipulation, monetization and the specific policy objective of inflating securities markets, I was compelled by the backdrop to again update Minsky's stages: "Government Finance Quasi-Capitalism".

As finance has a proclivity of doing, "Money Market Capitalism" evolved over time to become increasingly unstable. Policy responses then nurtured a freakish financial backstop that greatly incentivized leveraged speculation throughout the securities and derivatives markets. This process fundamentally loosened financial conditions and spurred risk-taking and spending. After attaining significant momentum in the nineties, the progressively riskier phase of "Financial Arbitrage Capitalism" reached its zenith with the issuance of $1.0 TN of subprime CDOs is 2006/07.

The policy response to the 2008/2009 crisis was nothing short of phenomenal. A Trillion of QE from the Fed, zero rates and massive bailouts. Still, the Fed at the time claimed to be committed to returning to the previous policy regime as soon as practical. The Fed devoted significant resources toward mapping out a return to normalcy, going so far as releasing in 2011 a detailed "exit strategy" for normalizing rates and returning its balance sheet to pre-crisis levels.

But with the European crisis at the brink of turning global back in 2012, it had become clear by that point that thoughts of returning to so-called "normalcy" were illusionary. It may have been the ECB's Draghi talking "whatever it takes," but he was speaking for global central bankers everywhere. QE was no longer just a crisis measure. It would effortlessly provide unlimited ammo for which to inflate securities markets and spur risk-taking and economic activity. If zero rates were not providing the expected market response, no reason not to go negative. If buying sovereign bonds wasn't getting the job done, move on to corporates and equities.

Such a deviant policy backdrop coupled with an already deeply distorted and speculative market backdrop ensured descent into a truly freakish financial landscape. Most obvious, markets have come to largely disregard risk. Serious cracks in China and Europe have been largely ignored by global markets. The increasingly alarming geopolitical backdrop is completely disregarded. Brexit was regarded - for about a trading session. Global economic vulnerability is on full display, though massive QE and negative-yielding developed country sovereign debt ensures a "money" deluge into the corporate debt marketplace. Concern for risk has hurt performance. Recurring bouts of concern puts one's career at risk - whether one is a portfolio manager, financial advisor, trader, independent investor, analyst or strategist.

The financial and institutional arrangements that I collectively refer to as "Government Finance Quasi-Capitalism" have over time had a profound impact on the securities markets. Policymakers have largely removed volatility from equities (VIX ends the week at 11.39) and fixed income. U.S. corporate debt issuance remains at near-record pace. Stock prices are at all-time highs in the U.S. and elevated around the world. Bond prices are near records almost everywhere. Risk premiums in general have collapsed. Why then is unease so prevalent throughout the securities markets?

For one, it's impossible these days to gauge risk. How much are QE and rate policies impacting securities prices? Will global policymaker have the capacity to withdraw from unprecedented measures, or have they become trapped in disproportionate stimulus with no way out? How big is the downside? How will the future policy backdrop play out? The truth is that no one - certainly not the policymaker community - has any idea what the future holds for policy or the markets. A turn back in the direction of reasonableness and "normalcy" or a further spiral out of control?

There's a strong argument that investing has been largely relegated to a thing of the past. If risk is completely unclear, it's impossible to gauge risk versus reward. Furthermore, how are company fundamentals (i.e. earnings, cash-flow, etc.) impacted by massive monetary and fiscal stimulus? How about the macro economy? If risk vs. reward is unknowable and valuation metrics so obscured, it's delusional to refer to "investment".

A defining feature of Government Finance Quasi-Capitalism is that speculation now completely dominates investment. An unintended consequence of policymakers suppressing volatility and masking risk is that active management has been severely disadvantaged relative to passive management. Traditional investment analysis and risk management have been a significant detriment to performance. So why bother, when fees are lower with passive anyway? So "money" has flooded into ETFs and other index products simply to speculate on "the market." Passive management really couldn't care less about China, European banks, Brexit, Japan, Bubbles or policymaking more generally.

The abnormal backdrop does a major disservice to those that appreciate the unstable backdrop and hence seek to proceed cautiously. Indeed, Government Finance Quasi-Capitalism has nurtured one of history's great speculative Bubbles in perceived low-risk "investments." Trillions of liquidity injections coupled with volatility suppression has ensured that Trillions have flooded into dividend-paying stocks, "low beta," "smart beta" and other perceived low-risk equity market strategies.

Government Finance Quasi-Capitalism has transformed Trillions of risk assets into perceived "money-like" instruments, throughout the securities markets and surely in derivatives. These massive flows into perceived safety have been instrumental in fueling the entire market to record highs in the face of persistent and growing risks. Financial Arbitrage Capitalism fomented "money" risk misperceptions and resulting liquidity crisis vulnerability in the "repo" market. Similar risks continue to mount in the Government Finance Quasi-Capitalism period throughout perceived low-risk equities, fixed income, corporate debt more generally and higher-yielding assets throughout the overall economy (i.e. commercial real estate).

U.S. household Net Worth is at record highs, while the ratio of Net Worth to GDP is near all-time highs. It's worth noting that U.S. unemployment at 4.9% is outdone by China's 4.1% and Japan's 3.1%. Why then is there such social tension and geopolitical unease?

The Financial Arbitrage Capitalism period was notable for a momentous misallocation of real and financial resources. The economic structure suffered mightily, clearly evidenced by deteriorating productivity associated with deep structural deficiencies, along with underlying economic fragility. I would strongly argue that the ongoing Government Finance Quasi-Capitalism phase, with a massive inflation of government debt and only more grotesquely distorted markets, is even more dysfunctional at creating and distributing real economic wealth. Thus far it has succeeded in inflating perceived financial wealth, although this has only exacerbated the social and political problems associated with blatant wealth inequities.

Government Finance Quasi-Capitalism creates essentially unlimited demand for perceived low-risk corporate Credit (think Apple, Microsoft, Verizon, etc.), creating myriad market, financial and economic distortions. For one, it feeds financial engineering, including stock-repurchases and M&A. This dynamic exacerbates the big firm advantage and monopoly power more generally, at the expense of economic efficiency. I would contend it also is an increasingly important aspect of wealth inequality: the few really big get bigger and more powerful at the expense of everyone else. Financial flows are siphoned away from the general economy to be flooded into the hot sectors. A handful of cities - think SF, Seattle, Portland, Austin, L.A., and New York - lavish in prosperity while small town America is left to rot.

I have asserted that Bubbles only redistribute and destroy wealth. I have further posited that geopolitical instability is a dangerous consequence of the global government finance Bubble. Both China and Japan are in the midst of respective precarious Bubble Dynamics. It's no coincidence that animosities and geopolitical risks between the Chinese and Japanese are rapidly escalating. Tensions between Russia and the West have close ties to the global Bubble. Turkey's problems are exacerbated by its bursting Bubble. The Middle East, Latin America and Asia are all suffering from Bubble consequences. Brexit was Bubble fallout.

I am most nervous because I see no dialing back Government Finance Quasi-Capitalism. Government intervention - in the U.S., Europe, Japan, China and EM - has been so egregious and overpowering that retreat has become unthinkable. Policymakers would have to admit to historic misjudgment - and then be willing to accept the consequences of reversing course. Global markets and economies are now fully dependent upon aggressive fiscal and monetary stimulus. Bubbles are in the process of "going to unimaginable extremes - and then doubling!" Bursting Bubbles will evoke finger-pointing and villainization. That's when the geopolitical backdrop turns frightening.

This week, the Bank of England (BOE) surprised the markets with a move to even more aggressive monetary stimulus. Global central bankers these days all play from similar playbooks, although when presented with the opportunity each takes their whirl at experimentation. Bank of England Governor Mark Carney's announcement that the BOE would commence corporate bond purchases solidified the market view that global central bankers will increasingly look to corporate debt for QE fodder. The BOE also announced a new lending facility, hoping to entice banks into lending more aggressively.

Minsky's phases of capitalistic evolution were U.S.-focused. It's disturbing that Government Finance Quasi-Capitalism has evolved into such powerful global phenomenon. This ensures market fragilities and economic maladjustment on a globalized and highly correlated basis. Thus far, global central bankers have maintained a rather consistent and concerted approach. Central banks seem to collectively recognize that they are together trapped in the same dynamic. This has encouraged cooperation and coordination. At some point, however, zero-sum game dynamics will prevail.

I've briefly touched upon the misallocation of real and financial resources, along with the attendant social, political and geopolitical risks associated with economic stagnation and gross wealth inequalities. One can see the "third world" as increasingly chaotic. One can as well see EM regressing toward more "third world" tendencies. And in the developed U.S. and Europe, in particular, one can witness more EM-like tendencies of wealth inequality, polarized societies, corruption and political instability.

There's another key facet of Government Finance Quasi-Capitalism: A troubled global banking sector. Sinking stock prices seem to confirm that banks are a big loser, as governments impose command over financial relationships and economic structure. This is a complex subject. I would argue that governments have placed banking institutions in a difficult - perhaps dire - predicament. In general, banks have become increasingly vulnerable to mounting financial and economic vulnerability. Highly leveraged banking systems from the UK to China will have no alternative than to lend, no matter the degree of policy-induced financial and economic instability. And the more government policies inflate asset prices (including U.S. housing), the more these assets Bubbles will depend on ongoing bank lending support.

Moreover, keep in mind that banking systems have been delegated the task of intermediating central bank Credit into (largely) bank deposits. Central bank issued Credit (IOUs) ends up chiefly on commercial bank balance sheets, banks having accepted central bank funds in exchange for new bank deposit "money". So in this high-risk backdrop of government-induced market distortions, banks are building increasingly risky loan books (and "investment" portfolios) while sitting on specious (and inflating) holdings of central bank and government obligations. And it works only so long as Credit - central bank, government and financial sector - continues to expand.

Government Finance Quasi-Capitalism really amounts to a Hyman Minsky "Ponzi Finance" dynamic on an unprecedented global scale. Worse yet, the greatest impairment unfolds right in the heart of contemporary "money" and Credit.

It's worth noting that despite Friday's 4.9% surge Italian Bank Stocks sank 6.2% this week (down 51% y-t-d). Japan's TOPIX Bank Index dropped 3.1% (down 32% y-t-d). Japanese 10-year JGB yields jumped 10 bps to a three-month high negative 10 bps. Ten-year Treasury yields rose 14 bps this week. There's an increasingly unpredictable element to the U.S. Bubble Economy that should keep the Federal Reserve and the bond market uneasy. Currency market instability persists. The pound remains vulnerable, while the yen is curiously resilient. EM is a mystery wrapped inside an enigma. And if bond yields begin to surprise on the upside, a whole lot of "money" is going to be positioned on the wrong side of an extremely Crowded Trade.

For the Week:

The S&P500 added 0.4% to a new record high (up 6.8% y-t-d), and the Dow gained 0.6% (up 6.4%). The Utilities sank 2.6% (up 17.7%). The Banks jumped 2.0% (down 4.2%), and the Broker/Dealers rose 2.0% (down 6.5%). The Transports increased 0.3% (up 4.8%). The S&P 400 Midcaps added 0.2% (up 11.7%), and the small cap Russell 2000 gained 0.9% (up 8.4%). The Nasdaq100 advanced 1.3% (up 4.3%), and the Morgan Stanley High Tech index rose 1.4% (up 7.0%). The Semiconductors gained 0.9% (up 16.6%). The Biotechs jumped 2.0% (down 9.4%). Though bullion was down $15, the HUI gold index was little changed (up 147%).

Three-month Treasury bill rates ended the week at 26 bps. Two-year government yields rose six bps to 0.72% (down 33bps y-t-d). Five-year T-note yields jumped 12 bps to 1.14% (down 61bps). Ten-year Treasury yields surged 14 bps to a seven-week high 1.59% (down 66bps). Long bond yields jumped 14 bps to 2.32% (down 70bps).

Greek 10-year yields jumped 14 bps to 8.12% (up 80bps y-t-d). Ten-year Portuguese yields declined six bps to 2.84% (up 32bps). Italian 10-year yields slipped three bps to 1.13% (down 43bps). Spain's 10-year yield were unchanged at 1.01% (down 76bps). German bund yields rose five bps to negative 0.07% (down 69bps). French yields gained five bps to 0.15% (down 84bps). The French to German 10-year bond spread was unchanged at 22 bps. U.K. 10-year gilt yields dipped one basis point to 0.67% (down 129bps). U.K.'s FTSE equities index advanced 1.0% (up 8.8%).

Japan's Nikkei equities index dropped 1.9% (down 14.6% y-t-d). Japanese 10-year "JGB" yields surged 10 bps to negative 0.10% (down 4bps y-t-d). The German DAX equities index increased 0.3% (down 3.5%). Spain's IBEX 35 equities index declined 0.6% (down 10.5%). Italy's FTSE MIB index fell 1.3% (down 22.4%). EM equities were mixed. Brazil's Bovespa index added 0.6% (up 33%). Mexico's Bolsa dropped 1.1% (up 9.8%). South Korea's Kospi index was little changed (up 2.9%). India's Sensex equities was about unchanged (up 7.5%). China's Shanghai Exchange slipped 0.1 (down 15.9%). Turkey's Borsa Istanbul National 100 index gained 0.9% (up 6.0%). Russia's MICEX equities index was unchanged (up 10.4%).

Junk bond mutual funds saw outflows jump to $2.464 billion (from Lipper).

Freddie Mac 30-year fixed mortgage rates fell five bps to a near-record low 3.43% (down 48bps y-o-y). Fifteen-year rates declined four bps to 2.74% (down 39bps). Bankrate's survey of jumbo mortgage borrowing costs had 30-yr fixed rates down seven bps to 3.62% (down 48bps).

Federal Reserve Credit last week fell $8.9bn to $4.426 TN. Over the past year, Fed Credit declined $21.5bn. Fed Credit inflated $1.615 TN, or 58%, over the past 195 weeks. Elsewhere, Fed holdings for foreign owners of Treasury, Agency Debt declined $1.3bn last week to $3.219 TN. "Custody holdings" were down $136bn y-o-y, or 4.1%.

M2 (narrow) "money" supply last week surged $49.7bn to a record $12.933 TN. "Narrow money" expanded $879bn, or 7.3%, over the past year. For the week, Currency increased $2.2bn. Total Checkable Deposits gained $3.5bn, and Savings Deposits surged $41.2bn. Small Time Deposits were unchanged, while Retail Money Funds rose $2.8bn.

Total money market fund assets jumped $24bn to $2.739 TN. Money Funds rose $69bn y-o-y (2.6%).

Total Commercial Paper declined $3.9bn to a 2016 low $1.022 TN. CP declined $45bn y-o-y, or 4.2%.

Currency Watch:

August 4 - Wall Street Journal (Saumya Vaishampayan and Takashi Nakamichi): "Investors largely ignored jawboning by Japanese currency officials aimed at stemming the yen's rise, suggesting that Tokyo is losing its influence on the market. 'My understanding is that there have been movements that are quite biased, one-sided and speculator-driven,' Masatsugu Asakawa, vice finance minister for international affairs, told reporters following a meeting... with senior Bank of Japan officials. 'We will pay the closest possible attention [to the yen] and watch it intensely to ensure that speculator-driven movements won't accelerate, and if necessary, we will take firm action,' Mr. Asakawa said."

The U.S. dollar index gained 0.7% to 96.24 (down 2.5% y-t-d). For the week on the upside, the Brazilian real increased 1.2%, the Australian dollar 0.3% and the Japanese yen 0.2%. For the week on the downside, the British pound declined 1.2%, the Swiss franc 1.2%, the South African rand 1.1%, the Canadian dollar 1.1%, the euro 0.8%, the New Zealand dollar 0.8%, the Norwegian krone 0.7%, and the Swedish krona 0.1%. The Chinese yuan declined 0.4% versus the dollar (down 2.6% y-d-t).

Commodities Watch:

August 5 - Financial Times (Neil Hume and Henry Sanderson): "Investors have pumped more than $50bn into commodities this year, chasing a recovery in oil prices while falling interest rates have increased the attraction of haven assets like gold. The inflows mark the best start to a year since 2009... The new money, combined with rising prices, have pushed total commodity assets under management to $235bn, up from a low of $161bn reached at the end of 2015."

The Goldman Sachs Commodities Index rallied 0.8% (up 9.7% y-t-d). Spot Gold declined 1.1% to $1,336 (up 26%). Silver fell 3.2% to $19.73 (up 43%). WTI Crude recovered 53 cents to $41.98 (up 13%). Gasoline rallied 4.1% (up 8%), while Natural Gas fell 3.5% (up 18%). Copper sank 3.2% (up 1%). Wheat gained 2.0% (down 12%). Corn fell 2.5% (down 7%).

Turkey Watch:

August 5 - Bloomberg (Constantine Courcoulas): "The fate of billions of dollars in investments in Turkish bonds hangs in the balance as Moody's... prepares to reveal whether it's handing the country a second junk rating on its debt. Moody's, which put Turkey on review for a downgrade immediately after a failed military plot to oust the government last month, currently ranks the nation's debt at Baa3, its lowest rung within investment grade. A rating review is scheduled for Friday and derivatives traders are already treating it as speculative, with the score implied by credit default swaps at Ba3, three steps into high-yield territory..."

Brexit Watch:

August 4 - Wall Street Journal (Jason Douglas and Paul Hannon): "The Bank of England cut its benchmark interest rate to the lowest in its 322-year history and revived a financial crisis-era bond-buying program to cushion the U.K. economy from the aftershocks of the vote to leave the European Union. Thursday's unexpectedly large and diverse stimulus package—which included a torrent of cheap cash for banks—underscores the concern at the central bank following the June 23 referendum... The stimulus package contained four elements. The BOE cut its benchmark interest rate to 0.25% from 0.5% and said it expects to cut it further toward zero in the months ahead. It revived a program to buy U.K. government bonds that has been on pause since 2012, and announced it would begin buying corporate bonds, too. The final part was a new term-funding program for banks, offering lenders ultracheap four-year loans to finance lending to households and businesses."

August 3 - Reuters (Costas Pitas): "House prices in London's most expensive areas recorded their biggest fall in nearly seven years in July after the Brexit vote reinforced a downward trend caused by a rise in property taxes, a consultancy said... Knight Frank's prime central London index fell 1.5% last month from a year earlier... 'Since the vote, a number of buyers have requested discounts due to the climate of political and economic uncertainty,' Head of London Residential Research Tom Bill said."

Europe Watch:

August 4 - Bloomberg (Sofia Horta E Costa and Justin Villamil): "Europe's banking shares are back in the limelight for all the wrong reasons. On Tuesday, the second day of trading since stress tests showed almost all euro-area lenders would have sufficient capital to cope with a crisis, Germany's Commerzbank AG and Deutsche Bank AG tumbled to fresh record lows, dragging a Stoxx Europe 600 Index gauge of their peers towards its biggest two-day loss in almost four weeks. 'I don't want to say it, but it's Armageddon for the banks,' if the index drops any further, said Joe Tracy, head of continental European equities at Svenska Handelsbanken... As recently as July last year, shares of European banks were worth the most since 2008. They've lost about 40% of their value since then, or more than half a trillion euros ($560bn)..."

August 5 - Bloomberg (Stephen Morris): "European banks have pushed back profitability targets so many times, the dates are now more placeholders than deadlines. Eight years after the financial crisis hit its peak, several of the region's lenders said they'll probably need more time to reach the return on equity goals they set for the next few years... The commentary has been almost uniform across the industry and is bad news for a sector that's already seen dramatic share-price declines. The European Stoxx 600 Banks Index has fallen 32% this year and the 30 firms it tracks trade on average at half their book value..."

August 1 - Bloomberg (Camila Russo): "While the stress tests showed most of the region's banks would keep an adequate level of capital in a crisis, investors remained skeptical about the results. Lenders in the benchmark Stoxx Europe 600 Index slipped 1.8%, reversing a gain of as much as 1.3%. UniCredit SpA sank 9.4%, while Britain's Barclays Plc dropped 2% as it fared worse than Deutsche Bank AG, down 1.8%... The stress-test results come at a time of growing pessimism about the industry, whose shares have already slumped the most among sectors this year."

August 1 - Reuters (Robert Muller and Marcin Goclowski): "Factory activity in the Czech Republic unexpectedly shrank in July for the first time since April 2013 and barely grew in Poland, surveys showed on Monday, suggesting a decline in output ahead. Central Europe's growth has outpaced most of the European Union's, but it now faces a slowdown in EU development funds as a new funding period gets under way."

Fixed-Income Bubble Watch:

August 1 - Bloomberg (Sally Bakewell): "Foreign buyers are poised to push their record 40% share of the U.S. corporate-bond market even higher as they seek to escape negative yields that have swept the globe. While Europe is the biggest overseas owner of the debt with 80% of the foreign holdings, investors from Asia were the fastest-growing buyers, according to Nathaniel Rosenbaum at Wells Fargo... Bond buyers are pouring into U.S. corporate securities as European Central Bank policies aimed at stimulating growth push yields on more and more sovereign and company debt below zero. The declines were extended in June after the ECB expanded asset purchasing to include corporate bonds, a move that helped drive yields on a record 496 billion euros ($554bn) of highly rated corporate bonds into negative territory..."

Global Bubble Watch:

August 5 - Wall Street Journal (Sam Goldfarb and Christopher Whittall): "Central banks have a new favorite tool for boosting lackluster growth: corporate-debt purchases. Two months after the European Central Bank started buying corporate bonds, the Bank of England said Thursday that it would adopt a similar strategy. It will buy as much as £10 billion ($13.33bn) of U.K. corporate debt starting in September as part of a larger package of stimulus measures, including £60 billion of additional government-bond purchases... But the decision again raises concerns about possible side effects of unconventional monetary policies, including excessive risk taking by investors... In the U.S., the average yield of investment-grade corporate bonds was 2.85% Wednesday, compared with 3.67% at the end of 2015... The average spread to Treasury yields also has shrunk, to 1.48 percentage points from 1.72. Companies have issued $519.2 billion of investment-grade corporate bonds this year, just below their pace at this time last year when issuance ultimately reached a record $794.6 billion..."

July 31 - Bloomberg (Thomas Black): "Corporate earnings are heading for a fifth straight quarter of declines, dragged down mostly by energy companies' struggles with low oil prices and a tepid global economy that threatens to throttle sales growth in many industries... The global economy is forecast to expand 2.9% this year... That's the lowest rate since 2009... With about two-thirds of Standard & Poor's 500 Index members having reported, earnings have declined 3.3% from a year earlier and sales have slumped 0.5%... Asia and Europe have fared worse. With 294 companies on the MSCI AC Asia Pacific Index having announced results, earnings have plummeted 19%. In Europe, profits have dropped 14% with results in from almost two-thirds of companies on the Stoxx Europe 600 Index."

August 4 - Bloomberg (Sid Verma): "A global fight for yield has boosted the appeal of dividend-juicy stocks around the world. What's surprising is where developed-market investors are now staging this battle — in emerging market stocks — and the justification that's involved: low bond yields in their usual domain. 'Investors are switching into EM stocks for yield 'income' given a lack of bond income in developed markets,' UBS AG analysts led by Geoff Dennis write... That turns on its head the traditional way that investors have viewed EM equities. The stocks are typically seen as a bet on rising global growth prospects and as such, are bought for capital gain rather than income."

August 2 - Bloomberg (Katia Dmitrieva and Natalie Obiko Pearson): "The walls of Clarence Debelle's Vancouver office on Canada's west coast are lined with gifts from his real estate clients: jade and turtle dragon figurines; bottles of baijiu, a traditional Chinese alcohol; and enough special-edition Veuve Clicquot to fuel several high-end cocktail parties. They are the product of Vancouver's decade-long real estate frenzy. The city... has long been one of the world's most expensive places to live but price gains have reached a whole new level of intensity this year. Low interest rates, rising immigration, and a surge of foreign money—particularly from China—have all driven the increases. Consider the latest milestones: • The cost of a single-family home surged a record 39% to C$1.6 million ($1.2 million) in June from a year earlier. • More than 90% of those homes are now worth more than C$1 million, up from 65% a year earlier..."

August 4 - Bloomberg (Yuji Nakamura and Lulu Yilun Chen): "Bitcoin plunged, then erased losses Wednesday as one of the largest exchanges halted trading because hackers stole about $65 million of the digital currency.... Prices dropped 7.8% on Tuesday after declining 6.2% Monday."

August 1 - Bloomberg (Marton Eder and Krystof Chamonikolas): "Some nations don't even need a government for investors to snap up bonds and send their borrowing costs to record lows in the post-Brexit hunt for yield. That's what's happening in Croatia, whose Eurobonds are heading for their fifth straight quarterly gain even after the country's government imploded in June, triggering early elections."

U.S. Bubble Watch:

August 5 - Bloomberg (Michelle Jamrisko): "Employment jumped in July for a second month and wages climbed, pointing to renewed vigor in the U.S. labor market that will sustain consumer spending into the second half of the year. Payrolls climbed by 255,000 last month, exceeding all forecasts..., following a 292,000 gain in June... The jobless rate held at 4.9% as many of the people streaming into the labor force found jobs."

August 5 - Reuters: "The U.S. trade deficit rose to a 10-month high in June as rising domestic demand and higher oil prices boosted the import bill while the lagging effects of a strong dollar continued to hamper export growth. The... trade gap increased 8.7% to $44.5 billion in June, the biggest deficit since August 2015."

July 31 - Financial Times (Allistair Gray): "US banks have ramped up lending to consumers through credit cards and overdrafts at the fastest pace since 2007, triggering concerns that they are taking on too much risk in a slowing economy. The industry has piled on about $18bn of card loans and other types of revolving credit within just three months, as consumers borrow more and banks battle for customers with air miles, cashback deals and other offers."

August 1 - Wall Street Journal (Josh Mitchell): "The U.S. government desperately wants Mr. Osborne and his wife to start repaying their combined $46,500 in federal student debt. But they are among the more than seven million Americans in default on their loans, many of them effectively in a standoff with the government. These borrowers have gone at least a year without making a payment—ignoring hundreds of phone calls, emails, text messages and letters from federally hired debt collectors. Borrowers in long-term default represent about 16% of the roughly 43 million Americans with student debt, now totaling $1.3 trillion across the U.S., and their numbers have continued to climb despite the expanding labor market. Their failure to repay... threatens to leave taxpayers on the hook for $125 billion, the total amount they owe."

August 2 - Financial Times (James de Bunsen): "Investor positioning is as extreme as it has been since the dotcom bubble. In a neat bit of symmetry, it is some of the assets that were so detested at that time that now look most overinflated. Low volatility, high quality and defensive, with a yield, please — nothing else will do. Investors are continually having to convince themselves that these lofty valuations and record-low yields are merited because growth is anaemic, deflationary forces abound and rate rises are years away. Nevertheless, we believe that changing perceptions over monetary and fiscal policy could overwhelm these factors and cause a meaningful and painful rotation within markets."

July 29 - CNBC (Jon Marino): "The market is showing signs that companies can't keep issuing dividends to investors at the record pace they have developed, and the hunt for yield just got a little harder. Vanguard is shutting new investors out of its $30 billion Dividend Growth mutual fund, which has seen $3 billion in cash inflows over the last 6 months and nearly doubled in size in the last three years... 'Vanguard is proactively taking steps to slow strong cash flows to help ensure that the advisor's ability to produce competitive long-term results for investors is not compromised,' Vanguard CEO Bill McNabb said..."

August 4 - Wall Street Journal (Austen Hufford): "Fannie Mae said it would send a $2.9 billion dividend payment to the U.S. Treasury in September as revenue and profit declined sharply in its latest quarter amid low interest rates. The... company posted net income of $2.95 billion for the second quarter, down from $4.64 billion a year prior and $1.14 billion in the first quarter. Revenue dropped 12% to $5.46 billion. The drop in profit was driven primarily by falling long-term interest rates, which hurt the value of derivatives Fannie uses to manage risk."

China Bubble Watch:

August 3 - Reuters: "China will use multiple monetary policy tools and maintain ample liquidity and reasonable growth in lending and overall credit in the second half of the year, the central bank said... The People's Bank of China (PBOC) will maintain a prudent monetary policy and fine-tune it as necessary, according to a summary of an internal meeting posted on the bank's website."

August 4 - Financial Times (Don Weinland): "China's banking regulator has warned companies not to use the word 'bank' in their names following a series of scandals and multibillion-dollar investment scams. Several outfits posing as accredited financial institutions have been exposed by the regulator in the past year... An international trade union spotted a company whose name included the words 'Goldman Sachs' operating in Shenzhen... Misappropriation of the title touches a nerve with China's financial regulators, which worry about social unrest stemming from plundered investments. Roger Ying, founder of Pandai, a peer-to-peer lending platform in Beijing, said: 'Bank is a very sensitive word as it implies government ownership. Banks are there?to instil confidence in the people. Thus authorities don't want other financial services companies to be using the word 'bank' to raise funds illegitimately if they don't have a banking licence.'"

August 1 - Bloomberg: "A Chinese shipbuilder said it may not be able to repay bonds due this week, highlighting rising default risks in the nation as the economy slumps. Wuhan Guoyu Logistics Industry Group Co. said there is uncertainty if it can repay the 400 million yuan ($60.2 million) of notes due Aug. 6 because of a capital shortage... Chinese companies are struggling with record debt payment in the second half as Premier Li Keqiang seeks to cut overcapacity even after the economy grew at the slowest pace in a quarter century. At least 17 bonds have defaulted this year, already exceeding the seven for all of 2015."

Japan Watch:

August 3 - Reuters (Stanley White): "At least two members of the Bank of Japan's board questioned its actions at their June meeting, minutes show, highlighting doubts about the sustainability of its policies. At the June meeting one board member called for the BOJ to reduce its bond buying while another said the BOJ had switched its focus to interest rates away from buying assets. At a subsequent meeting on July 29 the BOJ surprised investors by saying it would release a comprehensive review of its quantitative easing in September, further reinforcing the view that the BOJ's current policy may be reaching its limit... The BOJ currently buys 80 trillion yen a year of Japanese government bonds to reach its 2% inflation target."

July 31 - Reuters (Stanley White): "The Bank of Japan's review of its monetary stimulus program promised for September has revived expectations it could adopt some form of 'helicopter money', printing money for government spending to spur inflation. The BOJ disappointed market hopes... that it might increase its heavy buying of government debt or lower already negative interest rates, cementing the view that it is running out of options within its existing policy framework to lift prices and end two decades of deflationary pressure. With little to show for three years of massive monetary easing, economists say BOJ governor Haruhiko Kuroda's 'comprehensive assessment' of policy could push it into closer cooperation with Prime Minister Shinzo Abe, who announced a fiscal spending package worth more than 28 trillion yen ($275bn)..."

August 2 - Reuters (Tetsushi Kajimoto): "Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe's cabinet approved 13.5 trillion yen ($132bn) in fiscal measures... even as the central bank fought market speculation that it is preparing to put the brakes on monetary stimulus for the world's third-biggest economy. The government's package includes 7.5 trillion yen in spending by the national and local governments, and earmarks 6 trillion yen from the Fiscal Investment and Loan Program... But even before the announcement, Japanese government bonds saw their worst sell-off in more than three years as investors feared the Bank of Japan may ratchet back the pace of its aggressive government bond buying."

Central Bank Watch:

August 4 - Reuters (Caroline Copley): "There are possibilities to adjust the European Central Bank's quantitative easing (QE) programme, but it is important not to alter the design, Bundesbank President Jens Weidmann said... 'With a view to the programme, there are adjustment possibilities. But from my point of view we must be very careful with the configuration,' Weidmann told weekly Die Zeit. The ECB currently buys bonds weighted to each country's contribution to the central bank's capital... Weidmann said an increase in buying bonds from countries with particularly high indebtedness or bad credit ratings would distance the ECB further from its core mandate. 'If we grant individual countries special conditions or concentrate increasingly on highly-indebted countries than we will blur the lines between monetary policy and fiscal policy somewhat further,' he told the paper."

EM Watch:

August 5 - CNBC (Fred Imbert): "Thousands of people from around the world will be flocking the streets of Rio de Janeiro during the 2016 Olympic Games, but the country's political and economic state of affairs is anything but festive. 'What was supposed to be an event to [showcase] Brazil to the rest of the world has now become a nightmare,' Carlos Caicedo, senior principal analyst for Latin America at IHS Markit... told CNBC... 'The Olympics no longer matter to anyone in Brazil now.' What people care about is how the country's huge political and economic crises will be solved, Caicedo said."

August 4 - Bloomberg (Archana Narayanan): "Saudi Arabian interest-rate swaps climbed this week to levels last seen during the financial crisis, stoking speculation that the central bank needs to step up efforts to ease the country's liquidity crisis. The five-year swap rate jumped as much as 30 bps this week to 3.70% on Wednesday, the highest close since January 2009, following a 22 bps increase in July. The central bank offered domestic lenders about 15 billion riyals ($4bn) in short-term loans at a discounted rate at the end of June, people familiar with the matter said last month."

July 31 - Bloomberg (Archana Narayanan, Matthew Martin and Glen Carey): "Saudi Arabia's central bank offered lenders short-term loans in late June to help ease liquidity constraints, according to five people familiar with the matter. The Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency, or SAMA, as the central bank is known, offered about 15 billion riyals ($4bn)..."

August 4 - Bloomberg (Y-Sing Liau): "The bad news just doesn't stop for Asia's worst-performing currency. Already reeling from a renewed slump in oil prices and a political scandal that just won't go away, the Malaysian ringgit is now facing the prospect of another cut in interest rates. It's the region's biggest loser in the past month... The currency's slide highlights all is not well as the nation's economy heads for its worst performance this decade. Crude oil's plunge to a four-month low this week undermines the finances of net oil exporter Malaysia, while the appeal of its relatively high bond yields is being tempered by the scandals surrounding a troubled state investment fund."

Leveraged Speculator Watch:

August 3 - Financial Times (Mary Childs and Robin Wigglesworth): "Big hedge funds including Balyasny Asset Management and Tudor Investment Corporation are beefing up their computer-driven approach following seven straight years of investor inflows into the 'quant' sector. Some of the industry's most successful so-called quantitative hedge funds... rely on fast computers, algorithms and data-crunching. They have stood out as the wider industry has struggled to make money and dissatisfied clients have withdrawn funds. The computer-powered hedge fund industry now has almost $880bn of assets under management — up from $408bn in 2009, according to Hedge Fund Research data — and is expected to continue growing."

Geopolitical Watch:

July 31 - Reuters (Ben Blanchard and Benjamin Kang LIm): "China's leadership is resisting pressure from elements within the military for a more forceful response to an international court ruling against Beijing's claims in the South China Sea, sources said... The ruling has been followed in China by a wave of nationalist sentiment, scattered protests and strongly worded editorials in state media. So far, Beijing has not shown any sign of wanting to take stronger action... But some elements within China's increasingly confident military are pushing for a stronger - potentially armed - response aimed at the United States and its regional allies, according to interviews with four sources with close military and leadership ties. 'The People's Liberation Army is ready,' one source with ties to the military told Reuters. 'We should go in and give them a bloody nose like Deng Xiaoping did to Vietnam in 1979,' the source said..."

August 2 - Reuters (Tim Kelly): "Japan's annual defense review on Tuesday expressed 'deep concern' over what it sees as China's coercion, as a more assertive Beijing flouts international rules when dealing with other nations. Japan's Defence White Paper comes amid heightened tension in Asia less than a month after an arbitration court in the Hague invalidated China's sweeping claims in the disputed South China Sea... Japan called on China to adhere to the verdict, which it said was binding. Beijing retorted by warning Tokyo not to interfere. In the defense review approved by Prime Minister Shinzo Abe's government, Japan warned that 'unintended consequences' could result from Beijing's assertive disregard of international rules. China is poised to fulfill its unilateral demands without compromise...'"

August 2 - CNN (James Griffiths): "China has sent a clear warning to foreigners who enter contested areas of the South China Sea -- stay away or you'll be prosecuted. The warning came in a detailed explanation of last month's Hague ruling, which found that China's territorial claims in region have 'no legal basis' under the U.N. Convention on the Law of the Sea. China claims almost all of the South China Sea, including islands more than 800 miles (1,200 kilometers) from the Chinese mainland... On Tuesday, the Chinese Supreme People's Court issued a regulation on judicial interpretation saying there was a 'clear legal basis for China to safeguard maritime order, marine safety and interests, and to exercise integrated management over the country's jurisdictional seas.'"

August 5 - Reuters (Michael Martina): "China... accused Japan's new defense minister of recklessly misrepresenting history after she declined to say whether Japanese troops massacred civilians in China during World War Two. Tomomi Inada, a... lawmaker known for her revisionist views of Japan's wartime actions, took up her post on Thursday and repeatedly sidestepped questions at a briefing on whether she condemned atrocities committed by Japan. China consistently reminds its people of the 1937 massacre in which it says Japanese troops killed 300,000 people in its then capital."

August 3 - Reuters (Tim Kelly and Kiyoshi Takenaka): "Tomomi Inada will have precious little time to settle into her new job as Japan's defense minister, as events on her first day in the office underlined. Hours before the hawkish lawyer was appointed to Prime Minister Shinzo Abe's cabinet in a limited reshuffle, a North Korean missile landed in or near Japanese-controlled waters for the first time. The show of force, part of Pyongyang's increasingly provocative arms testing, is a reminder of how strained relations between countries in northeast Asia have become, from North Korea's nuclear program to China's assertiveness in the disputed waters of the South and East China Seas. Into the mix steps Inada, a conservative ally of Abe whose support for his goal of revising Japan's post-war, pacifist constitution risks exacerbating tensions."

August 3 - Reuters (Ece Toksabay and Nick Tattersall): "President Tayyip Erdogan accused the West of supporting terrorism and standing by coups on Tuesday, questioning Turkey's relationship with the United States and saying the 'script' for an abortive putsch last month was 'written abroad'. In a combative speech at his palace in Ankara, Erdogan said charter schools in the United States were the main source of income for the network of U.S.-based cleric Fethullah Gulen, who he says masterminded the bloody July 15 putsch. 'I'm calling on the United States: what kind of strategic partners are we, that you can still host someone whose extradition I have asked for?' Erdogan said... 'This coup attempt has actors inside Turkey, but its script was written outside. Unfortunately the West is supporting terrorism and stands by coup plotters,' he said in comments which were met with applause, and broadcast live."

August 1 - Financial Times (Guy Chazan): "Germany has said it will not be 'blackmailed' by Turkey after Ankara threatened to renounce its March migrant treaty with the EU unless the bloc granted visa-free travel to Turkish citizens. The row over the deal came as Berlin and Ankara clashed over a decision by the German authorities not to let Turkey's president address a pro-democracy rally in Cologne at the weekend by video link... The two disputes highlight the strains that have emerged in the German-Turkish relationship since July 15, when Turkey was rocked by an attempted military coup."